In: 2017 13th European Conference on Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC), pp. TEE_BigIntAdd fails when dest=op OP-TEE OS Issue #2577. To enter the secure world, a kernel thread executes the monitor, which in turn issues the SMC instruction to the CPU [8, 29]. We consider inter- (REE←TEE) and intra-world (e.g., REE↔REE, TEE↔TEE) memory readings, as TrustZone restrictions prevents reading TEE memory from the REE. OP-TEE framework, including secure storage and the cost of switching between 02/08/2019 ∙ by Ebrahim M. Songhori, et al. ARM1176JZF-S Technical Reference Manual - 2.12.13. Iterating over objects in the secure storage (e.g., the execution of a find operation) is slow, up to a few hours in the worst case (Figure 11, right). Similar to what a non-secure operating system offers to its running applications, the  TEE offers access to special services only available to secure applications (such as the secure storage feature, which we evaluate). Volatile Memory. Sessions are finally closed using TEEC_CloseSession and ultimately, the context is closed by calling TEEC_FinalizeContext. The UUID is defined at compile-time and must be unique amongst all TAs. 01, pp. Arm® TrustZone® technology provides a cost-effective methodology to isolate security critical components in a system while not complicating life for the developers of all those other components that make the modern system on a chip (SoC) such a capable component. It effectively provides hardware-isolated areas of the processor for sensitive data and code, i.e., a trusted execution environment (TEE). In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC 2018, New York, NY, USA, pp. The paper is organized as follows. The common denominator between the TEE kernel and the host application is the REE kernel. To support multiple sessions, the TA must be compiled with the TA_FLAG_MULTI_SESSION flag set. 946–950. International Conference on. The TrustZone technology, available in the vast majority of recent Arm processors, allows the execution of code inside a so-called secure world. We use the Raspberry Pi 3B, a popular yet representative single-board device, equipped with Broadcom BCM2837 System-On-Chip (1GB of RAM, ARM Cortex A53 quad core running at 1.2GHz). This file must be referenced in the main kernel Makefile: The syscall must be included in syscalls.h: Use the next available syscall identifier: In the following file and in addition to the modification listed above, note that __NR_syscalls must be incremented by one. Objects are stored encrypted on disk, and are signed for anti-tampering countermeasure. Next, we consider simple in-memory operations (e.g., read and write, sequential or at random), for two different sizes of volatile memory (1MB and 100KB) used by the REE and the TEE. Arm devices are often battery-powered and must therefore make optimal use of their limited energy capacity. This white paper describes how developers can use TrustZone and TrustZone-related features available in the Zynq-7000 AP SoC processing system, programmable logic, and software ecosystem to improve security in custom embedded systems. The differentiation is done by the Non-secure TLB ID (NSTID) [12], an extra bit of the TLB. An actively cooled system on the other hand can operate in any mode and stay well within acceptable conditions, even without additional heat sink. Our work highlights several advantages as well as limitation of the currently available software platforms, such as the Op-Tee framework chosen in our case, to implement and deploy TAs. ARM’s developer website includes documentation, tutorials, support resources and more. Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet), 2015 IEEE Computer Society (2015), NCC Group: Implementing practical electrical glitching attacks (2015), nVidia: Trusted Little Kernel (TLK) for Tegra, FOSS edn. Finally, we report on our in-depth experimental analysis along several dimensions (including energy) of the current secure processing capabilities offered by some widely popular IoT devices (i.e., Raspberry Pi) shipping TrustZone processors. share, The publish-subscribe paradigm is an efficient communication scheme with... As a result, the number of devices owned per user is anticipated to increase up to 26 by 2020 [44]. We evaluate the performance of TrustZone’s secure storage via the corresponding GlobalPlatform’s API implemented by Op-Tee. 09/03/2020 ∙ by Zahra Tarkhani, et al. ∙ To prevent thermal throttling, all tests run while the onboard chip is actively cooled. fopen, msgget). To gather the temperature measurements, we used two methods: (1) software, via thermal APIs111/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone[0-9]+/temp and (2) external hardware sensor. This environment has a small footprint, contrary to a full-fledged operating system, and only implements the very minimal set of features required to operate. To benchmark the raw performance of the Arm processors of our units, we implemented and deployed a single-threaded TA that executes a CPU-bound task, e.g., computes the first 20000 prime numbers. This is realized by using an additional addressing line, the NS (Non Secure) bit. (SMC). The KM001 unit supports different USB protocols, including USB PD (Power Delivery) 2.0 and Qualcomm QC (QuickCharge) from version 2.0 up to 4.0. The REE (or normal world) is the regular, non-secure operating system of a device. This reduces heat output by reducing the frequency of the core clocks, allowing passive cooling - even without heatsink - but also negatively impacts performance. §2 describes the TrustZone architecture and key concepts of world isolation. The integrated Ethernet MAC with individual DMA ensures high data throughput. Min/max values are also included. Surprisingly, our results do not show a significant differences on subsequent loadings compared to the first loading, despite the tee-supplicant is supposed to cache the TA code. : Mobile secure data protection using eMMC RPMB partition. Arm TrustZone is a system-wide approach to embedded security option for the ARM Cortex-based processor systems. The TrustZone technology, available in the vast majority of recent Arm processors, allows the execution of code inside a so-called secure world. The TA Storage Key (TSK) is a per-TA key, derived from the SSK and the TA’s UUID identifier. We overcome this problem by accessing the CPU temperature from inside the TA, and sending it periodically to the monitoring software for safekeeping. For instance, Figure 1 reports the sales for Arm processors in the last 20 years. Recent Cortex-A processors [48] support SMC calls by the kernel in the normal world. In our configuration, type A is used for both input and output of power delivery. To cope with the security threats that are thus foreseeable, system designers can find in Arm TrustZone hardware technology a most valuable resource. According to our evaluation, PrOS incurs 0.02% and 1.18% performance overheads on average in the normal and secure worlds, respectively, demonstrating its effectiveness in the field. We evaluate how the three different CPU governors (ondemand, performance, and powersave) behave. Both secure (TEE) and normal worlds (REE) share the underlying physical processor. Our benchmarks consider both governors and compare them for REE and TEE executions. We observe how the operations in the TEE↔TEE case are on average 2× faster on bare metal and 1.2× under emulation than in the other cases. AArch64 Exception Handling - System calls to EL2/EL3. TrustZone and Processor States. It enables physical separation of different execution environments, namely TEE and REE. §3 explains how the kernel was extended to expose new syscalls within TrustZone, how all the data was gathered, as well as the hardware and software tools that were developed. Once the maximal temperature is reached, recovery time is around 8 minutes when passively cooled and less than a minute with active cooling. Figure 8 (left) shows these results. This can be explained by the fact that adjusting the core frequencies (from 600MHz and 1.2GHz) seems to be a relatively costly operation [41]. 0 H. Cho, P. Zhang, D. Kim, J. ARM® CoreLink™ TZC-400 TrustZone®Address Space Controller. However, the GlobalPlatform consortium offers strong incentives for TEE vendors to comply with their API, which is unlikely to introduce breaking changes. Trusted Application. In concert with the secure crypto engine, it offers secure element functionality. These descriptions are given in Appendix A. Second, we report on the advantages and limitations of Op-Tee [26], an open-source framework that supports TrustZone. CPU Governors. ∙ TrustZone enabled. The Fast Interrupt (FIQ) secure interrupt mode is used exclusively by devices residing in a memory region allocated to the secure world. This greatly facilitates development of secure application by reducing setup and development efforts. Hikey: trying to allocate more physical memory to secure world. The __NR_syscalls value must be modified to account for the new syscalls: These functions can now be invoked from any REE user-mode application. The TrustZone technology, available in the vast majority of recent ARM memcpy((void*)&ktraceadd_d[ktrace_entries].ts, Developing Secure Services for IoT with OP-TEE: A First Look at ∙ For larger memory allocations, the TA’s MMU L1 table must be set accordingly, as the default mapping is 1MB. CPU Benchmarks. These markers are monitored by a custom program (on a separate node) that pilot the Windows binary (Figure 5). This configuration allows the power used by the Raspberry Pi to be measured directly as the losses of the power supply itself are not taken into account. CLOCK_MONOTONIC: a monotonic time since an unspecified starting point (usually system startup, as is the case with our setup), CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: per-process timer, CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID: thread-specific CPU-time clock. secure and unsecure worlds, using emulated and hardware measurements. It is derived from two pieces of information unique to each device’s processor: the chip identifier and the hardware key. In a compute-intensive datacenter, one would typically use the performance governor. 04/19/2017 ∙ by Le Guan, et al. Secure Monitor Call (SMC). There are various other questions on TrustZone interrupts and another answer could be give on the configuration options and performance implications, etc. In contrast to TPMs, which were designed as fixed-function devices with a predefined feature set, TrustZone represented a much more flexible approach b… Secure clocks are crucial to ensure a TA is safely executed: an external clock is a common attack vector and can be easily tampered with. 1–13, June 2018, Lipp, M., et al. The NS-bit is changed accordingly. When TrustZone is implemented, a processor has two security states or worlds, namely the secure world (s) and the normal world (ns). Figure 15 presents these results. Additionally, the Qemu open source emulator [33] allows to deploy and evaluate Op-Tee in emulated mode on ubiquitous machines. We hope this work will provide useful insights to TrustZone software developers. board. Once called, an RPC is made To evaluate possible caching effects, we also include the results obtained for all the calls following the first one. 7: A new message used to retrieve the temperature via RPC is declared: This function is declared inside the REE kernel: In the same file, handle_rpc_func_cmd is modified by adding a case to handle the new RPC request: After rebuilding the TEE client and kernel, the new syscall can be used as such from any TA These files have a unique numeric name based on a counter. An encrypted index of files is maintained alongside the files. We will investigate this aspect in future work. First we define a few terms used throughout this paper. Additionally, we monitor the surface temperature of the chip using a Texas Instruments LM35 precision linear sensor with the help of an external micro controller. share, Enclaves have emerged as a particularly compelling primitive to implemen... Despite the availability of such devices on the market, to the best of our knowledge we could not find a public study on the performance and energy-related consumption for these security extensions. For some of our measurements, we compared the hardware experiments against a modified version of the Qemu emulator provided by Op-Tee with support for TrustZone [34]. pp 133-151 | The memory, registers, and caches are not isolated or protected by any hardware mechanism. , RTC) is used. Unfortunately, the software (Figure 3, left) provided by the unit manufacturer is a closed-source 32-bit Windows binary, and the protocol used to exchange messages over USB is undocumented. It provides the perfect starting point for establishing a device root of trust based on Platform Security Architecture (PSA) guidelines. The TrustZone technology, available in the vast majority of recent ARM processors, allows the execution of code inside a so-called secure world. A single session can be used to call TEEC_InvokeCommand any number of times. share. The secure applications (TAs) must fit in the on-chip memory. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications This is especially true nowadays, when battery capacity is becoming the limiting factor when deploying new functionalities. It enables physical separation of different execution environments, namely TEE and REE. This mimics the scenario of an Infrastructure-as-a-Service provider offering access to Arm nodes (as virtual machines) to cloud tenants without having the corresponding hardware infrastructure and thus relying on TrustZone virtualization [49]. It The TEE interface implemented in Op-Tee is compliant with the GlobalPlatform’s specifications. Power consumption of writing objects is dependent on their size. Virtually all smartphone software as we know today still runs in Normal World. TAs can be called from userland programs residing in the REE or from other TAs. ARM TrustZone technology provides robust security framework solution by well designed hardware architecture and secure software with minimal impact on the cost. Calls to SMC by a processor not in kernel mode trigger an undefined exception trap. This is a preview of subscription content. Ahn. of the 26th USENIX Security Symposium. This section reports on a few lessons learned during this experimental work. Trace calls can then be added anywhere in the REE core 1 INTRODUCTION The TrustZone technology is a hardware-level approach to security in ARM systems. Performance of accessing a single byte in TEE memory from the TEE is on par with accessing REE memory from the TEE, on average 0.01µs, around 2× under emulation. Secure storage. For instance, the TEE_BigIntAdd [57, p. 252] function, contrary to its definition, does not allow to use the same pointers for both input and output [37]. Implementing practical electrical glitching attacks, 2015. Cortex-A9 Technical Reference Manual - 6.3. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ARM TrustZone [1] has been proposed since ARMv6 architecture, which includes security extensions to ARM System-On-Chip (SoC) covering the processor, memory and peripherals. TrustZone is a hardware feature implemented in recent Arm processors. 8 and triggers a REE world switch TrustZone is a widely available technology that offers Trusted Execution Environment guarantees to low-energy devices. M. Barbosa, S. B. Mokhtar, P. Felber, F. Maia, M. Matos, R. Oliveira, Vulnerabilities in any TA, the TEE or a compromised secure kernel do compromise the security of the secure world. Specifically, we benchmark the cost of creating, writing, reading and closing objects inside the secure storage area, for two different object sizes (100KB and 1MB), although current memory allocator limitations prevented to cover some cases [35, 19, 20, 39]. Evaluation Settings. Introduction. The timer starts and stops when leaving and re-entering the REE, respectively. Instrumentation tests test1 and test2 are added directly from the host application using Also called TEE or secure OS, it is the so-called secure world operating system part of the TrustZone specifications. Hardware-based protections offer an additional security layer, by physically separating processing of secure and non-secure data components. Upon TA loading, the Op-Tee core checks the integrity of the TA by verifying its signature based on its signed header. Hence, TAs are expected to have small memory footprints and only contain the minimal subset of features required. 07/24/2020 ∙ by Carlos Segarra, et al. It complies with the GlobalPlatform’s TEE System Architecture specifications [57], a set of operations offered to secure applications. 441–452. 1 Introduction ARM TrustZone [20] has been widely used as an ap-proach to providing a TEE for mobile devices including Samsung’s Galaxy [14] and Huawei’s Mate [17]. 51.68.123.177. ∙ ARM1176JZF-S Technical Reference Manual - 2.12.13. As expected, the performance governor ensures the fastest computing time. 0 Well, CryptoCell complements Arm TrustZone and fortifies device security. The secure world has unrestricted access to memory regions, hardware and devices. Finally, we also evaluate the energy spent for calling an empty TA function from the REE (Figure 8, right). Arm, which dominates the smart phone market, provides Arm TrustZone technology for its microprocessor core. These values are set at very low values by default, 2kB and 32kB respectively [25]. First, a new file containing the syscall used to retrieve the processor temperature getcputemp is created. This paper presents an in-depth performance- and energy-wise study of TrustZone using the Op-Tee framework, including secure storage and the cost of switching between secure and unsecure worlds, using emulated and hardware measurements. As such, a secure application can easily be ported to another platform, due to the standardized nature of available services. (1) the lack of several basic features inside the REE kernel for security reasons, which materialize in the lack of basic syscalls (e.g. Both programs record the monotonic time when entering and exiting the world in which they reside. arXiv preprint, McGillion, B., Dettenborn, T., Nyman, T., Asokan, N.: Open-TEE-an open virtual trusted execution environment.
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